Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Complete Biography

Introduction

If we look at Indian history, we can see mighty kings and maharajah. From ancient to modern times, Indian kings of many regions fought against foreign slavery and unjust rule.

Chhatrapati is renowned as one of those most heroic kings. Many things led to his greatness, one of which was his sensitivity to caring for the poor masses.

If we want to praise Shivaji Maharaj, this biography also might not be enough. Still, if we want to describe in short, he was the only king in history, besides Chandragupta, who wasn’t born as a king. Means he was not the prince of any kingdom.

Selfless devotion for Swarajya got him many faithful companions in his life. He brought them together to support in Swarajya.

He made the dream of Swarajya a reality. Though his kingdom was surrounded by enemies, he still extended Swarajya in South India.

This should be Hindavi Swarajya; it is the wish of God!

Original Slogan (Devnagari ): “हे हिंदवी स्वराज्य व्हावे, ही तर श्रींची इच्छा!”

Shivaji Raje was one of the ideal kings of history. So many great kings born after him, as well as people, took his inspiration. Hence, 350 years after, even today people do not forget his courage.

Reading this biography, you will get deep insights into the life of Shivaji Maharaj. I have covered his important life events chronologically.

Before we get started, Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje has many names. So according to his life period I am writing, I used his Marathi names as below.

Name	Life period
Shivba, Bal Shivray	Childhood
Maharaj, Shivray, Shivaji Maharaj, etc.	Before coronation
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje, Shivray	After coronation

I think this biography will definitely be an interesting read for history lovers. Still, it is a long biography, so you may not finish it in a while. So please bookmark it, so you can start from where you stop before.

Brief Information

Factors	Information
Identity	The First Chhatrapati and Founder of the Maratha Kingdom
Birth	February 19, 1630 CE, at Shivneri Fort
Parents	Mother: Jijabai Bhosale, Father: Shahaji Raje Bhosale
Wives	Eight Queens of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: Saibai Nimbalkar, Soyarabai Mohite, Putlabai Palkar, Sagunabai,Sakvarbai Gaikwad, Kashibai Jadhav, Laxmibai, Gunavantabai
Childrens	Sons: Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj (Elder), Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj (Younger).Daughters: Sakhubai Nimbalkar, Ranubai Jadhav, Ambikabai Mahadik, Rajkumaribai Shirke
Step-brothers	Sambhaji Ekoji or Vyankoji
Grandson	Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj (Satara)
Reign	1674 CE to 1680 CE (Officially After coronation)
Death	April 3, 1680 CE, at Raigad fort
Companions and Knights	Tanaji Malusare, Baji Pasalakar, Murarbaji Deshpande, Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Hambirrao Mohite, Vyankoji Kanka

Mother Jijabai: The Ultimate Inspiration

Jijabai was the princess of Buldhana and the daughter of Lakhujirao Jadhav. Lakhujirao was the General of Nizam, so from a very young age, she understood the importance of real freedom.

That freedom definitely did not come from the bread and butter given by outside rulers.

Hence, when Jijabai became Jijamata, she gave those values to Shivba. She used to tell stories from Mahabharata, Ramayana.

She used to tell stories of the heroic personality of Arjuna, and how he destroyed Adharmi people.

Then, Shivba also used to tell her mother that he will also destroy bad people. Hearing such words from Jijamata, she used to please from inside. But she did not know that one day that fire of freedom would take the form of Swarajya.

Generals who are always Ready to Sacrifice Life

Little Shivba had so many friends in childhood. Shivba also used to eat food whenever he went to the house with friends. He never followed casteism in his lifetime. That was really exceptional behavior, because contemporary Royal families followed untouchability and casteism.

People say that

“Earning money can be easy, but earning people is difficult!”

Shivba has not followed such a tyrannic tradition because that doesn’t seem right to him. That is one reason he wins the hearts of people from every level of society.

He made friends like Tanaji, Bajiprabhu, Yesoji, etc. They are bound by taking the oath of Swarajya.

Uncomparable Spy Department

Shivray used to keep the eye on every movement of the enemy. Providing information from the opponent without knowledge to the enemy is hard. Many time spy agents need to put their lives at risk.

Spy head of the Marathas, Bahirji Naik, was an expert in disguise to any form. Except Shivray, no one used to identify him once he changed his form. It became one of the strength of Swarajya.

Best use of Political Intelligence & Leadership

Military strength, resources, everything became useless without a powerful leader. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took the right decisions at the right time. That leadership was really important to handle the entire kingdom. Because, minor mistakes would be very dangerous.

Finally, I would like to say, Swarajya was the combine effect of all the above. All four, you can say, are pillars of Swarajya. Removing out a pillar can cause harm to unified Swarajya. If you are still reading, upvote and show your support.

Raj mudra of Maratha Empire

Pratipchandra Lekheva| Vardhishnu Vishwavandita ||

Shahsuno Shivasheysehyaa, Mudra Bhadraya Rajate||

– Raja Mudra (Royal Seal) of Maratha Empire

Meaning of Raj mudra

The son of the Shahaji is named Shivaji and the honor of his Mudra (seal) will increase like the first day moon. The world will worship it & it will shine only for the welfare of people.

Before the birth of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

In 1527 CE, the Bahmani Sultanate disintegrated and was divided into five pieces. Many people identify two of them as Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar and Adil Shah of Vijapur.

Sultan Nizam Shah and Adil Shah

Nizam Shah’s, and Adil Shah’s sultanate divided Maharashtra state into two parts.

Therefore, there was always conflict between Nizam Shah and Adil Shah. The people of this state were unfortunate and desperate because of constant battle.

It was not even possible to think about establishing an independent state. In those days, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj not only dreamed of Swarajya (Self Government) but also made that possible.

He implemented his wisdom, war skills (Guerrilla warfare), and incomparable politics to complete that dream.

Indian kings and emperors tortured people before the reign of Shivaji Maharaj. Kings and officials were not thinking about their subjects. Instead, they were busy with their luxury lifestyle.

In contrast, there was an Emperor Sri Krishnadevaraya of South India. He not only took care of the people but also gave justice to their matters. His famous kingdom named “Vijayanagar” is well known in Indian history.

Historians believed that Shivray also read the books of Sri Krishnadevaraya. His reign also inspired Shivray to establish Hindavi Swarajya.

Therefore, exactly like Ashta Diggaj of Vijayanagar, Chhatrapati Shivray also established an effective administration system of “Ashta Pradhan Mandal.”

Saints in the Era of Shivaji Maharaj

Before the birth of Shivray and during his time there were many saints who brought the Bhakti movement to its peak not only in Maharashtra but all over India.

Their teachings led to the emergence of a new tradition, especially in Maharashtra. An example of this is the Ashadhi-Kartiki Vari that travel to Pandharpur from different shrines in Maharashtra every year.

At the same time, during the time of Saint Namdev and Saint Dnyaneshwar, the Varkari sect emerged. This sect emphasized the importance of devotion to Vitthala, sattvic conduct.

Before the birth of Shivaji Raje, there were saints like Shri Chakradhar Swami, Saint Namdev, Saint Dnyaneshwar, Saint Eknath, Saint Tukaram, Saint Ramdas Swami.

These saints taught people the teachings of kindness, non-violence, devotion, service to God, patience, and brotherhood.

Birth

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a prominent figure in Indian history and his complete biography sheds light on his remarkable achievements. From his humble beginnings to becoming the founder of the Maratha Empire, Shivaji’s life is filled with inspiring stories of bravery and leadership. The procession of Shiv Jayanti Utsav celebrates his birth anniversary and serves as a reminder of his enduring legacy

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born on February 19, 1630, in the Shivneri fort near the Pune district.

The father of Shivaji Maharaj, Shahaji Raje Bhosale, was an army chief in the court of Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur’s sultanate.

At the time of the birth of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Shahaji Maharaj was not in the Shivneri fort. He went on a campaign to counter the attacks of the Mughals.

We can read news of the Shiv Jayanti event that happens every year at Raigad. Jayanti means birth anniversary.

Marathi People celebrate Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti twice every year in Maharashtra. You may ask, how can someone’s birthday be celebrated twice?

The answer is because of two separate chronologies, the first one is the Gregorian and the second is the Marathi chronology.

According to the Gregorian calendar, the birthday of Shivaji Maharaj comes on February 29. But, as per the Marathi calendar, the birthday of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj comes on the day of Falgun Vadya Tritiya.

This means the third day of Falgun month, which comes annually from February to March. “Falgun” is the month, according to Marathi chronology. So, birthdays according to the Marathi calendar vary every year in the Gregorian calendar.

Thus, people celebrates birth anniversary of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj twice annually. On this day, we carry out the procession of birthday anniversaries of Shivray in small village to big city.

On this occasion, Marathi people decorate the statue of Shivaji Maharaj with beautiful flowers. Marathi public shout slogans of Shivaji Raje in that procession. You will see a massive crowd at Raigad Fort on that day.

Childhood

Education and Training of Shivaji Maharaj

Guru Dadoji Kond Dev started the primary education of little Shivba at seven. Dadoji instructed us to operate weapons like spears, daggers, swords, etc.

People consider Dadoji the first master of Shivray. He also taught necessary war strategies before battle. Appointed pundits (Scholars), and Jijabai taught him important subjects like Sanskrit, Politics, Vedas.

As a child, his mother, Jijabai, told the stories of Ramayana, Mahabharata, and great emperors. The biography of emperor Sri Krishnadevaraya also inspired him a lot.

From his childhood, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had all the skills to become a good leader. So naturally, he had all qualities to become a better king.

This Biography of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj will take you through all aspects of the life of Shivray.

Personality of Shivray

The weight of Shivaji Raje Bhosale

Shivray donated gold equivalent to his weight during the coronation of Shivaji Raje. According to Britisher Henry Oxyn Dane’s records, the weight of Maharaj was 160 pounds (73 kg).

But it’s necessary to deduct the clothes weight, ornaments, weapons (sword, a dagger). He had also held a graven idol of Lord Vishnu. We subtract that unnecessary weight and concluded his weight would probably be 145 pounds (66 kg).

Height of Shivaji Raje Bhosale

Some historians believe that the height of Shivaji Raje was about 168 cm (5 ft, 6 inches). This height is an approximate calculation from the descriptions, paintings, coin inscriptions (if any), and other evidences.

Respect the women; otherwise, harsh punishment will be given.

Original Slogan (Devnagari ): “परस्त्रीबाबत आदर दाखवावा, अन्यथा कठोर शिक्षा केली जाईल.”

Pledge by Shivray

At the young age of 16, Shivray collected data about the secret routes and confidential information necessary for Swarajya. To make a special announcement, Shivray went to Raireshwar temple along with his companions.

Shivray cut his little finger with a sword and consecrated to the Rudra (Shiva Linga) with his blood. Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje said to his colleagues, “This should be Hindavi Swarajya, it is the wish of God.” Let’s work together to fulfil this wish.

First Fort of Shivaji Maharaj

Shivaji Raje gathered faithful colleagues along with mobilizing the army and weapons. He started his struggle from the Torna fort. Because it was one of the big and neglected fortresses of Adil Shah. Also, there were not enough security guards for protection.

Shivray captured the fort with some Maratha soldiers who were called “Mavale” or “Mavle”. So, conquering Torna Fort, he got encouragement, and it helped Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj to build the foundation of Swarajya.

As Torna Fort is huge and in the Marathi language, huge means Prachand. So, Maharaj named his first fort as “Prachandgad.”

Bhavani Talwar of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Marathi people believe that the Bhavani sword was the sword given by Bhavani Mata. A Bhavani Mata is the Goddess of power and also called Adi Shakti, meaning supreme goddess of the Hindu religion.

As the public has religious beliefs regarding this topic, I don’t want to elaborate and make debate on whether or not this is correct. But, one thing is sure, this sword seems to be very special to the Maharaj.

I believed Chhatrapati was a great devotee of Bhavani Devi, therefore he gave the names of his favored goddess to his sword.

He used many swords during his lifetime, but his three swords named Tulajai (Tulaja Phiranga), Bhavani, and Jagadamba were very famous among Marathi people.

Among those swords, Jagadamba sword was currently in the Royal Collection Trust, St James’s Palace, London, which was the personal museum of the queen.

The First capital of the Maratha Empire

There was another partially built fort near Torna. Shivaji Maharaj captured that fort and completed the work and named it “Rajgad.”

Dense forest surrounded Raigad Fort and was a more protected place. Therefore, Rajgad became the first capital of the Swarajya (Maratha Empire).

Later, Maharaj moved it to Raigad. Similarly, after Rajgad, they took control of several forts, like Kondhana, Lohagad, Panhala, Sajjangad, Rohida, etc.

Policies for Relatives by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Shivray always considered responsibility more important than relatives.

Brother-in-law of Shivaji Maharaj

A brother-in-law of Shivaji Raje named Balaji also started campaigns against Swarajya. So, Shivaji Raje had to fight against him.

Stepbrother of Shivray

Few people know that Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a stepbrother named Sambhaji. He also came in the path of Swarajya and tried to cause problems.

So, Shivaji Raje captured him. Then, Shivray sent him to another region to do work for Swarajya.

If anybody came in the path of Swarajya, then Shivray never forgave them. Then, whether that person belongs to the family or society. He always gave the same justice to his family and the public.

Victory over Jawali

After that, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj planned to take possession of “Jawali.” It was very challenging because Jawali comprises the fort of “Rayari.”

There was a dense forest surrounded by the fort. In that forest of Jawali, sunlight wouldn’t reach the ground even during the day. Hence, it was really tough to fight in such an impenetrable forest.

As there were so many secret routes and places that were unknown to strangers. These adverse conditions made it even more challenging to win the region of Jawali.

Chandrarao Yashvantrao More

Yashvantrao was the contemporary ruler of the Jawali region. He was a very haughty ruler who held the title of “Chandrarao.”

Shivray while in correspondence with him, he argued a lot with Chhatrapati. As a result, Chhatrapati Shivray declared a war against him.

The battle of Jawali was not so easy. Finally, the result of the war came in the favor of Chhatrapati Shivray.

Fort of Rayri

The fort of Rayari has a height of 850 meters (2700 feet) from the seashore. Rayari Fort settled in the Sahyadri Mountain Range. After the victory of Jawali, Shivaji Raje renamed Rayari fort as “Raigad.”

Also, to make the capital of Swarajya more secure, Maharaj shifted the capital from Rajgad to Raigad Fort. There, Raigad Fort became the new capital of Swarajya.

Attack of Afzal Khan on Swarajya

After acquiring Rayari and Jawali, Adil Shah’s court gets confused. There was an officer in the court of Adil Shah. Her name was Badi Sahebin. She was responsible for carrying out the work of the court.

She asked in the Adil Shah Durbar, “Who will be ready for the settlement of Shivaji?” The court remained silent for some time. Then, the head of the Vai region named Afzal Khan came forward. He took a pledge to capture Shivray alive or dead.

He marched on the Maratha Empire with 10,000 troops from Bijapur sultanate. Then, Shivray went from Rajgad to Pratapgad. Because around Pratapgad, there was a vast forest. So, it was difficult to carry such a large army, ammunition, cannons from the dense forest.

He wrote a letter to Shivaji Raje, requesting him to return the forts and to surrender to him. He also promised Shivaji Raje to give him a respectful position in the Adil Shah court.

Shivaji Raje identified the plan of him. Shivray wrote the answer saying, “I am ready to return forts, and I’m your offender, so I am sorry. You should visit Pratapgad, because I am afraid of coming there.”

Khan was pleased to hear that answer. He assumed Shivaji Raje was timid. He thought that “Shivaji seems to be a coward, so how will he be fighting with me?” As a result, he got ready for a visit.

Meeting with Afzal Khan

At the appointed time, both agreed to meet along with ten bodyguards. After Shivray went to the marquee, he came forward to welcome Shivray.

While Shivray was giving a hug, Khan pressed the head of Shivray below the right shoulder. Then, he vigorously attacked with a dagger.

The Killing the Afzal Khan

However, Shivaji Maharaj suspected he would suffer such an accident. Therefore, Shivray had already worn his armor.

As a result, Maharaj survived because of the armor. Subsequently, Shivray promptly attacked back with tiger claws. His intestines came out, and Khan fell down.

Once, I will accept death, but not slavery!

Original Slogan (Devnagari ): “मरण आले तरी चालेल, पण शरण जाणार नाही!”

Jiva Mahala saved Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Hearing the indoor sound, Sayyad Banda came into the pavilion. Sayyad Banda was one of the sharpest at swiveling the belt (Dangpatta). He attacked Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, but quickly Jiva Mahala came inside.

Jiva Mahala bore the impact of the attack on his body. Then, Jiva Mahala killed Sayyad Banda with a stroke of the belt.

Maratha soldiers were lurking in the surrounding forest of Pratapgad and waiting for an attack. After coming outside the pavilion, Shivray asked his companions to give a signal of war to hidden Maratha forces. Receiving the signal, the Maratha army began the attack on the army of Adil Shah.

They totally defeated the army of Adil Shah in a while. On the second day, this news caused stress among the people in entire Bijapur. Ali Adil Shah got furious after hearing the news of the mightiness of Shivray made.

Siege of Panhala

In 1660 CE, Adil Shah sent his special commander to crush the Maratha. His name was “Siddhi Johar.” He was a ruthless commander of that time.

He surrounded the Panhala fort with around 40,000 Adil Shah’s troops outside. Shivaji Raje gets trapped inside the fort of Panhala.

Siddhi intentionally started torturing innocent people near Panhala. His intention was to cause Shivray to surrender as quickly as possible.

Maharaj broke the siege of Panhala

As time goes, the stock of food at Panhala fort gets exhausted. Therefore, Maharaj had to go out of the castle and go to another fort. So Shivaji Raje planned to get out of Panhala.

It was necessary to get out of the stronghold by the end of the monsoon. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj left the fort with 600 selected warriors.

Escape from the encirclement was not so easy. Hence, Shiva Kashid was ready to distract the enemy’s attention.

Shiva Kashid used to serve the Maharaj in daily work, and he exactly looked like Maharaj. Hence, Shivray asked him if he could take his position and contribute to keep Swaraj alive.

Without a moment’s delay, Shiva Kashid said, “You must only command, my lord!”

During that night, Maharaj left the place, the heavy rainfall was showering.

The sacrifice of Shiva Kashid to Swarajya

Shiva Kashid, dressed as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. He wore a crown like Maharaj on his head. Then, he sits in a palanquin of Shivray, and came out of the fort with a hundred soldiers.

On the other side, Shivray broke the siege and escaped from another secret route of the Panhala and headed towards Vishalgad with 600 warriors.

Siddhi Joher’s army caught a palanquin of Shiva Kashid after going out of the vicinity of the enemy. Siddhi Joher was in the misconception that Shivaji Maharaj had captured.

Some Cavaliers and Fazal Khan, who had seen the face of Shivaji Maharaj before, recognized him after sometime.

After that, they all came to know that he was not Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. After real identification of Shiva Kashid, Siddhi Johar ordered his soldiers to behead him.

As the king escaped from the siege, Siddhi was furious and sent Siddhi Masood with a large army to pursue Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

In the end, Masood would reach Maharaj. Shivaji Raje fell in pain, and he thought it was tough to reach Vishalgad.

Battle of Ghodkhind (Ghod mountain pass)

Baji Prabhu Deshpande and his Plan

There at the time, Baji Prabhu Deshpande, the army chief, was with Maharaj. He realized that the life of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was in danger.

Therefore, Baji Prabhu said to Shivray, “You should go to Vishalgad with half the soldiers. I will stay here and stop enemies.”

Baji Prabhu Deshpande Thoughts

Shivaji Raje was not ready to leave Baji Prabhu. At that time, Baji Prabhu said,

Swarajya is the most important goal. It does not matter if I get killed, you will get hundreds of Baji Prabhu tomorrow, but Raje! You will not get back!

– Baji Prabhu Deshpande

Chhatrapati Shivaji continued on the path towards Vishalgad

Maharaj tells Baji Prabhu that when we arrive at Vishalgarh, we will ask for three cannons to fire. When you hear that, you leave the mountain pass and move towards Vishalgarh.

Chhatrapati Shivaji was emotional by the loyalty of Baji Prabhu, but he had big goals in front of him, like Swarajya.

Time was of great value, and there were enemies behind them. Hence, Shivray controlled his emotions during the last meeting with Baji Prabhu.

Baji Prabhu gave final submission to Shivaji Raje, then Shivray continued to Vishalgad.

Baji Prabhu in the Ghod Khind mountain pass, they started preparations to fight the Adil Shah’s army. The survival of all the Maratha warriors determines their place. All the soldiers collect stones, then wait for Masood and his troops.

Fight in Ghod mountain pass

In a while, the first batch of army of Masood comes to the mouth of the Ghod Khind mountain pass. Baji Prabhu allowed the military of Masood to arrive at the middle of the pass.

As soon as a batch of Masood arrived in the middle of the pass, the Baji Prabhu signaled to Maratha soldiers. From the height of the mountain pass, they attacked their opponents with the rocky stones they collected.

The Maratha took advantage of the top place region to destroy many of the military units of Masood. However, because of the massive army of Masood, they finally encircled Baji Prabhu and attacked him simultaneously.

Baji Prabhu gets seriously injured because of the attack on all sides, yet he remains fighting in that situation.

Finally, Baji heard the noise of cannons swinging in the sky. Baji Prabhu mumbled with a winning smile on his cheeks, “Raje reached the fort. I have done my job, I will now die happily.”

Sometimes the motherland asks for blood. At the same time, the nationalists like Baji Prabhu with his blood consecration, keep the independence of their homeland. Salute to such a brave warrior!

Shivaji Maharaj Cut-Off the Fingers of Shaista Khan

Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb appointed his uncle, named Shaista Khan, as General of Deccan. On the order of Aurangzeb, Shaista Khan marched on the Swarajya with one lakh fifty thousand Mughal troops.

Therefore, to surrender Chhatrapati Shivaji in front of Shaista Khan, he started sessions of looting the villages of Swarajya. He also destroyed the temples, and damaged the crops of the farmers.

Then, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj made the bold decision for the settlement of the Shaista Khan.

Shaista Khan at Lal Mahal (Red Palace)

During that period, Shaista Khan was at Lal Mahal. The decision of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had looked like suicide, because going into an army of one and a half lakhs was like committing suicide.

But Maharaj was very determined. He and his companions executed their plan during the night. They went into the crowd at the marriage program and came to Pune.

In the year 1663, Maharaj entered the fort by breaking the wall of Lal Mahal.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj at Lal Mahal (Red Palace)

When the news came that Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had entered the palace. After that, Shaista Khan doesn’t understand what is to be done? But he knew that Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj always respects women.

Hence, Shivray and his companions would not check the rooms of women. That is why he hides in rooms of women wearing clothes of women.

Attack of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj on Shaista Khan

When the companion of Maharaj identified Shaista Khan, the Maharaj chased him. While Shaista Khan was jumping from the balcony, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attacked with a sword, and he cut off his three fingers.

Because of this incident, including the honor of Shaista Khan, the honor of the Mughal Empire mixed with dust.

When Aurangzeb heard this news, he became furious with anger. He shouted, “Oh Allah, what should I do with this Shivaji?”. After this incident, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb sent Shaista Khan to Bengal.

Siege of Purandar Fort

Certainly, Purandar was a very important fort of Shivaji Maharaj in the south of Pune. After looting Surat, Aurangzeb got furious and sent the enormous army with commander chief Mirza Jai Singh and Dileer Khan for help.

Purandar Fort of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

The fort commander of the Purandar fort was Murarbaji Deshpande. He was one of the gallant and brave warriors of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Battle of Purandar

Most noteworthy, Murarbaji was very loyal to Hindavi Swarajya. He got ready for war with only 700 soldiers. He started a furious attack and took advantage of the height of the fort. He pierced many soldiers with arrows.

He started the battle with swords in both hands. Murarbaji put to death hundreds of Mughal troops. Murarbaji fought with only a few soldiers, but they also destroyed the Mughal army.

Dileer Khan saw the tremendous courage of Murarbaji and offered him a high-profile job with a good salary and land as a bounty. Murarbaji told Dileer Khan,

“I would prefer to sacrifice my life, rather than stay in the camp of Aurangzeb! My hard-earned chutney bread is sweet to me…!!”

– Murarbaji​

Treaty of Purandar

Shivray cleverly talks to Mirza Jai Singh. But, Mirza Jai Singh asks Shivray to meet the Delhi Mughal Emperor.

According to this treaty, the Maharaj gave 23 of his fortresses and four lakhs Hons of land to the Mughals. This treaty was signed between Maratha and Mughals in the 18th century.

Coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj on Raigad

The work of Swarajya was going on excellently. But, Jijamata said,

“This is only the time to anoint the kingdom and tell the entire world.”

– Jijamata

On the order of Jijamata, before several moths of coronation already preparations for the coronation of Shivray had been going on.

Finally, that golden day arose which everyone had been waiting for a long time. On June 6, 1674, in the early morning, Shivray went to durbar for ceremonial ablution. Several Brahmans started reciting holy mantras during royal anointment.

After that, Shivray donated approximately one lakh fifty thousand hons to five Brahmins. Other Brahmans had also been gifted with jewelry, clothes, accessories, food items, etc.

Suvarna Tula

Then time came for “Suvarna Tula” which means weighing the metal, jewelry, or other things equally with the weight of Maharaj.

In this ceremony, Maharaj weighed against seven different metals. These metals were generally donated in public.

After that, Shivray went to worship Gods, including Tulja Bhavani, which was his family goddess.

Likewise, Shivaji Maharaj also worshiped the weapons. Then, a procession of Shivray carried on the elephant. Shivray entered the court at the time of Muhurt.

Pundits enthroned King Shivray on a magnificent golden throne. Royal authority of the Maratha court carved the throne with 32 divine signs and its weight was 32 man. Man was the unit to measure weight during the medieval period in Maharashtra.

According to byjus, “Man” is the Indian measurement for weight.

1 mann is equivalent to 40 kilograms, so they made the throne of 1280 kilograms.

Specially invited Brahmin Pandit Gaga Bhatta held a golden umbrella over the head of Shivray. Then gave blessings, and proclaims him as a “Chhatrapati.”

There was a happy environment everywhere. Jijamata was also happy.

In contrast, Shivray was in deep thoughts and sorrow. The reason behind it was that companion and whose sacrifice made this success. They were no longer with him. Shivray became the Chhatrapati of subjects from that day.

Horses Used By Shivaji Maharaj

Many people want to know horses of Shivaji Maharaj name and learn about the horses he rode. In this section, you will get detailed information about the horses that Shivaji Maharaj used.

These horses played a crucial role in the daily busy life of Shivaji Maharaj.

Did Shivaji Maharaj rely on a single horse throughout his 50-year reign?

Shivaji Maharaj did not use a horse during his 50-year rule. We collected true-facts about horses and their names. They helped a great king, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, expand the Maratha Empire.

The primary breed of horses used in the army of Shivaji Maharaj was the “Bhimthadi breed.” The Marathas specifically trained these horses for the Sahyadri Mountain Ranges.

The Bhimthadi breed got its name from the Deccan Plateau in India. It’s also known as the Deccan breed or Deccani horses. The Marathas bred and trained horses that were perfect for the region’s geography.

Apart from Bhimthadi horses, we can also see Arabian horses in the Maratha stable.

What are the names of the horses used by Shivaji Maharaj?

During his 50-year reign, Shivaji Maharaj mostly had 7 horses. These horses were his companions, hence they were important to him. They witness all good and bad times of Shivaji Raje and helped him in those times.

Let’s look at the names of these notable horses of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj:

Moti, Vishwas, Gajra, Ranbir, Krishna, Turangi, Indrayani were his horses.

Among these horses, some were male and others were female. Some horses held its importance and contributed in endeavours of Shivaji Maharaj.

Last horse name of Shivaji Maharaj was “Krishna.” Because that horse used by Shivaji Raje hence it is historically significant. This horse belonged to the most superior breed available during that era. The coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is an important event.

During the ceremony, he rode on a white horse and an elephant. The white horse that he rode during this ceremony was none other than Krishna.

Many know Krishna as the only horse Shivaji Maharaj rode. Shivaji Maharaj had 7 horses, and each played a significant role in his leadership. It’s important to remember their contribution to his reign and legacy.

What name did he give his horse army?

Horse army of Shivaji Maharaj was called the Bargi or Cavalry. This cavalry played a crucial role in the maintaining the Maratha Empire.

This cavalry used to play an important role in invading other parts of the country. invaded places to get it. They called this income “Chauthai,” which was one-fourth of what they earned each year.

The Maratha used to raid on places of the enemy with the help of Bargi cavalry. They used to conduct raids on nearby states in a fast and efficient manner.

Marathas referred a leader of the cavalry to as a “Shiledar.” The Shiledar led a powerful army of one thousand horses.

Did Shivaji Maharaj use Chetak, the horse?

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj did not use Chetak, the renowned horse. Chetak was the horse of the great Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar province. Also, Chetak is famously popular in the heroic exploits of Maharana Pratap Singh.

Chetak did remarkable bravery in the legendary battles of Maharana Pratap.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was Maratha or Rajput?

Recently you might heard that is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was Rajput along with genology coming from Sisodiya dynasty of Mewad. Whatever we are going to cover here is thoughts from well known Historian Indrajit Sawant of Maharashtra.

Now how this debat actually originated, lets understand it. When colleagues of Shivray made decision to coronate king. They went to Bramhins but contemporary local Deshata Bramhins don’t assume the clan of Shivray belongs to Kshatriya.

So colleagues of Shivray called Gagabhatta from Varanasi. When they asked Gagabhatta to coronate him. As he comes from North India, he refused Shivray to coronote as king without seeing his relation with pre-existing Royal dynasties of India. So Shivray had to prove himself that he belongs to Kshatriya clan. His colleagues got his genology linking to Sisodiya clan of Mewad.

Because reason is obvious, the North Indian Kshatriyas means Rajputs get coronated at that time. But in Maharashtra it was vanished after end of Satavahan Dynasty.

Now is that right to call Shivaji Maharaj as Rajput? Historian and Scholar Indrajit Sawant said caste recognization comes from matrimonial relationships, language, etc.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj at Agra

As decided in the Purandar treaty, on 12th May, 1666, Shivray went to Agra along with 5000 horsemen.

On hearing the news that the King of the Deccan was coming, the whole of Agra saw the Maharaj.

People of Agra eagerly watched him, just like,

“Who is such a king? Who had blown away the sleep of Aurangzeb!”

Aurangzeb prepared court for Humiliation of Shivray

Before the entry of Shivaji, Aurangzeb deliberately lifted his throne higher. On the gate, the long curtains were placed, so that every coming person have to bend a little to enter.

Chhatrapati Shivray in court of Aurangzeb

Before entering the court, they had intentionally kept the curtain on the path. So that Shivaji will have to bow down, but Maharaj hands the curtain up and enters the court. So this plan of Aurangzeb didn’t work.

Mughal guards stopped all the associates of Shivray outside of court. They told Shivray and his son Sambhaji to remove the footwear before coming into court.

Son of Mirza Jaisingh named Ramsingh told above rules as customs of the court, so Shivray accepted it.

While entering inside, Shivray moved the curtains with left hand instead of bending inward.

In order to help, Ram Singh accompanied with Shivray. Ramsingh requested Shivray to Cornish before Badshah Aurangzeb.

A throne where kings like Prithviraj Chauhan spilled their blood for Hindustan. Shivray chosen to give salutation to that throne of Delhi instead of Aurangzeb.

After that, Shivray and prince Sambhaji went before Aurangzeb and presented some gifts with their hands. However, Aurangzeb was ready with another plan ready to insult Shivray.

He purposefully stand him in the back row of Mansabdar (Generals). Jaswant Singh, who was not even fit to stand before the Shivray, was standing in the front row of Mansabdars.

Shivray quickly understood the purpose of Aurangzeb and now it is difficult to stop Shivray.

Shivray said aloud,

“Is my position lower than that of the coward Jaswant Singh, who ran away from the battlefield multiple times after seeing the Maratha knights?”

Ram Singh tried to calm Shivray, but he didn’t stopped.

He said,

“Once, I could accept the death, but not tolerate my insult!”

Shivray was now red with anger. No one dared to look upright in the court of Aurangzeb. So, strict words of Shivray made peace throughout the entire court.

Chhatrapati Shivray gets angry and leaved the court. Subsequently, Aurangzeb sacked the conference and immediately intern the Maharaj under care of Faulad Khan.

No one knows for sure when and how he got out of this prison.

According to Mughal documents, on the day of 17th August, 1666, both Chhatrapati Shivray and Sambhaji hide himself into the boxes of sweets and escaped out.

Thus, even though this story is found in the Mughals records, it is still considered a true event happened in history. So, if you ever read about Chhatrapati Shivray then, you might definitely read this story once.

Escape of Shivray from the Agra

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj knew Aurangzeb was very cruel. He did not even leave alive even his brothers to get to the throne of Delhi.

He wanted to do something with Shivray but, Maharaj did a trick to get out of this complex situation.

Raghunath Korade, Trimbak Dabir, Hiroji Farzand and Madari Mehtar were in the service of Shivray. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj wrote a letter to Aurangzeb in which he demanded that,

“Let the troops go back to Maharashtra that came with me.

Aurangzeb agreed and sent the soldiers back.

Afterwards, Shivray pretended he became very sick. Shivray used to sleep the whole day and call the doctor each day to make Aurangzeb think he was really sick.

After this, the Maharaj wrote another letter in which Shivray wrote to Aurangzeb that,

“Allow me to send sweets and gifts to poor and saints to get relief and cure from illness.”

Aurangzeb also accepted that wish. But he posted strict security guards outside the Maharaj’s camp every day. They used to check all the boxes every day, before sending them outside.

But, after a few weeks, the guards get bored because of the daily same work. Therefore, there after boxes went out without checking.

As a result, one day on August 17, 1666, Shivray and Sambhaji hide inside two boxes of sweets and escape out from prison.

Here Hiroji Farzand slept in his place as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, and Madari Mehtar, kept on serving his feet. So that the guards can see, the Maharaj seems to rest.

On the next day, after the Maharaj was safely went out of the Agra. Then, both Hiroji and Madari also left the prison, saying that, “We are going to bring the medicines of Maharaj”.

Confusion in the Mughal camp

After some time, the guards know that there is no one in the camp. Foulad Khan gets surprised, and he does not understand what to do next.

When Faulad Khan gave this news to Aurangzeb, the fire of the feet of Aurangzeb went to the head. Aurangzeb turns red and launched a search campaign for Shivray and his companions.

Unfortunately, in that search campaign, Raghunath Korade and Trimbak Dabir found to Foulad Khan.

In the prison, to get the root information of Shivray, they tortured both until death came. These faithful companions of Maharaj faced death without even taking a word from their mouths, only for Swarajya!

Shivray left prince Sambhaji in Mathura with Vishwasrao and went toward Raigad. Maharaj had already prepared to face to enemy in a way.

According to historians, Mathura – Allahabad – Banaras – Gaya – Gondwana – Golconda – could be a way for Maharaj to come to Agra from Rajgad.

Mughals carried out a search campaign throughout the India. When Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj arrived to Raigad, this news spread like wind everywhere.

Shivray deliberately spread the fake death news of prince Sambhaji while on the way.

As a result, the search campaign of Mughals completely stopped. After some period, the northern atmosphere became calm. Then, Vishwasrao himself went with Sambhaji to the Raigad palace.

Terrible War at Sinhagad Fort

Tanaji Malusare and his Devotion towards the Maratha Empire

Few months after the treaty of Purandar, Jijamata told Shivray to take Kondhana back from Mughals. Kondhana was one of the strongest forts in Pune, Maharashtra.

As a result, Chhatrapati Shivray had already given responsibility to some knights before, but they failed.

Tanaji Malusare was one of the old colleagues of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. He had come to Raigad to give an invitation to Maharaj and his family.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje had told him he cannot come to his son’s marriage. Because, he had to go on a mission of Kondana.

I hope you are happy with our Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Information in English.

Determination of Tanaji for the mission

Tanaji said to Shivray,

“If my lord needs to go for such a mission, then what is the use of mine?”

Tanaji took permission from Shivray and blessings from Jijamata. Then, He went on a mission with his brother Suryaji Malusare, and 300 Mavale.

Mission Kondhana

Climbing of Kondhana was not a joke. Because, at such a sharp peak, trekking is even difficult for animals.

Because, if you ever saw the straight edges of the fort, it becomes very sharp and straight towards vale.

Mavale (Maratha troops) was born and brought up in such hills. So, they are quite familiar with the difficulties.

If you look at Maratha History, you would realize that at the beginning Maratha Empire was based on forts.

So, Maratha troops were really habitual with conditions of mountains, forests, rivers, peaks, flora and fauna of the nearby region.

Execution of Plan

Maratha spy department already detected the minimum security sites to the fort. But, at that site there were straight edges which made climbing impossible. Tanaji took a pledge to make possible this impossible task.

It is said that Tanaji had sent a trained lizard named “Yashavanti.”

Then, 5-6 troops trekked the straight edges of the fort along with long ropes and arrived at the top. Then, those Maratha soldiers thrown off the rope down to simplify the trekking of remaining companions.

Battle with Fort Commander Udaybhan

Udaybhan was merciless Rajput General, and he was strict regarding rules and security of the fort. Therefore, the Mughal commander named Mirza Jaisingh had assigned Udaybhan for Kondhana fort.

After penetrating the minor boundary security, the Maratha troops attacked inside.

Shield of Tanaji gets broken

Udaybhan started the defending with Mughal troops. Now, on seeing Tanaji, Udaybhan began the battle furiously. Udaybhan was tall and powerful enough. Suddenly, because of continuous strokes of the sward, armor of Tanaji gets broken.

Though, without surrendering, Tanaji bonded shawl to hand and continued the fight. After fighting for a long time, both get wounded. No one was ready to back out or surrender.

Tanaji and Udaybhan fall down in battle

Finally, both fell down and on the other side, Suryaji came inside through the Kalyan gate.

After seeing his brother fell down, Maratha troops lost their courage and ran towards rope to escape out from the fort. But Suryaji cut off that rope and said,

Your father has fallen down, and I have cut off the rope. Now you have two choices: either jump from fort and die or furiously fight with enemy and win!

– Suryaji Malusare

After seeing there was no way to escape out, Maratha troops fight like their last battle and won that battle.

After some period, this bad news spread on Raigad & the entire Raigad drowned in to sorrow. When Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj got news about Tanaji, he became sad, as he was the close colleague of him.

In memory of sacrifice contributed by Tanaji Malusare, Shivaji Maharaj renamed Kondana fort as “Sinhagad”.

Ashta Pradhan Mandal of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Ashta Pradhan Mandal of Shivaji Maharaj was an administrative body of eight elected ministers of the Maratha durbar.

This council of ministers plays a crucial role in the campaigns against a despotic Mughal rule. Ashta Pradhan Mandal is the first successful council of ministers.

No	Minister Post	Information
1	Peshwa Or Pradhan (Prime Minister)	This was the most important post in the Maratha Kingdom. As he had all military rights, who actually deals with administrative affairs, social welfare. He had all powers that belong to a modern prime minister.
2	The Amatya/Mazumdar (Finance Minister)	He deals with all financial matters, also kept an account of the royal treasure of the Maratha Kingdom.
3	The Mantri (Interior Minister)	He has responsibility to the kept account of an intelligent department (spy department).
4	The Sumant/Dabir (Foreign Minister)	His duty was to keep politically good relations with other states.
5	Pant Sacheev (Secretary)	His duty was to carry out the daily proceeding of Durbar and to managing all communications of the King and preparing proclamations for the King.
6	The Pandit Rao (High Priest)	He was Head of religious matters. His duty was to carry out all spiritual functions. He was also dealing with work related to religion, like fixing the date for ceremony or functions.
7	The Nyayadhish (Chief Justice)	He has the responsibility to give justice to the public, criminal and military affairs.
8	The Senapati (Commander In Chief)	He was Head of all Armed forces and defense of Kingdom. Senapati was responsible for all activities, like purchasing new weapons, selecting new troops in the Maratha army.

Historians acknowledge that idea of Ashta Pradhan Mandal has taken from the administrative system of Vijayanagar Empire.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Death

Death of Chhatrapati Shivaji is debating or mysterious topic. Many people believe faithful courtiers conspired against him and poisoned. And people involved in the conspiracy were Annajipant Suranvis, Moropant Pingle, Balaji Chitnis, Rahuji Somnath and Hiroji Farzand.

It is a strong possibility to have a conspiracy regarding his death, but there was no obvious proof in literary form. According to some British correspondence, in the last days, fever and dysentery made Shivray sick. So, On black day of April 3, 1680, this bright sun of the Maratha Empire permanently subsided.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj established a firm foundation of Swarajya. Later, during the reign of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, under the leadership of Peshwa Bajirao, the Marathas expanded the Maratha Empire from Kalikat, Vellore in the south to Atack, Cuttack in the north.

Policy of Chhatrapati Shivaji for All Religions

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was belongs to a Hindu religion, but does not assume even in the dream that he was against Muslim or other religions.

He treated equally to all people regardless of religion, caste, and race, etc.

Shivray fought so many wars in his life but did not allow his soldiers to destroy or attack any religious places. He was Hindu but did not force other religious people to convert.

In the court of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, there were several Muslim nobles, soldiers, knights. Siddhi Ibrahim Khan was the head of the artillery of Shivray.

Daulet Khan was one of the commander in Navy. From lower to higher positions, Chhatrapati Shivray designated people based on their skills without looking at their castes.

He was not against any caste or religion, but the injustice caused by foreign rulers. These tyrannical monarchies used to manipulate subjects in the Kingdom for their own sake.

Gurus of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Here in Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Information in English, we talk about two masters of Shivray. First Guru of Chhatrapati Shivray was saint Ramdas Maharaj. We consider him a political master of Shivray.

Saint Tukaram Maharaj was the spiritual guru of Shivaji Maharaj. He taught Shivaji Maharaj to fight for social welfare and not became sannyasi at this age.

Farsighted Vision of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Importance of Forts

In the open battlefield with a handful of soldiers, it would be difficult to fight against the powerful enemies like Adil Shah, Nizam Shah, and Mughal, etc.

Also, Shivray realized the importance of fortresses & its geographical advantage to fight against powerful enemy.

According to his motto,

“Whose forts, his kingdom.”

He gave much importance to fortresses and ruled many forts of Maharashtra. By the end of his life, he won around 350 fortresses under the authority of the Maratha Empire.

Father of Navy

He was the first who recognized the Navy would help to protect the coastline from foreign invasions. So, Shivray built a strong Navy base and managed two fleets. Therefore, he is called the father of the Indian Navy.

In this biography, we can see the farsightedness of Maharaj in his rule. Chhatrapati Shivaji struggled for a lifetime in order to live people happily in the kingdom. It is proud to live in such a country where such a great king taken birth!

Image Credits

1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Statue, Credit: Abhijeet Panchbhai, Source: Unsplash
2. Procession of Shivaji Maharaj at Raigad, Credit: , Amit Chivilkar, Source: Unsplash
3. Birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj in Shivneri fort, Credit: Dhananjayd9730, Source: Wikimedia
4. Shivneri Fort where Shivaji Maharaj took Birth, Credits: Prabhat8051, Source: Wikimedia
5. Imaginary painting depicting the Goddess Bhavani Devi giving sword to Shivaji Maharaj, Credit: N.L. Sharma, Publisher: Jain Picture Publication, Delhi, Source:  The University of Milan​
6. The sword named Bhavani Talwar is currently at the Royal Collection Trust in Saint James’s Palace in London, Credit: Indrajit Sawant
7. Equestrian painting of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Credits: , Raja Ravi Varma, Source: Wikimedia, Original Source: CyberKerala, OR CelebrationsDecor
8. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj fort Panhala Ambarkhana Entrance, Credits: Ankur P, Source: Flickr
9. Baji Prabhu Deshpande Statue in Panhala Fort, Credits: Ankur P, Source: Flickr and licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0​
10. Stone art depicting Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj cut off Fingers of Shahistekhan at Shivsrushti Dervan, Maharashtra, Credits: Abhay Bhosale, Source: Wikipedia, Original Source: Panoramio
11. The Fort of Shivaji Maharaj: Purandar, Credits: ​Abhijeet Safai, Source: Wikimedia
12. Painting depicting Shivaji Maharaj in the court of Aurangazeb, Credits: M. V. Dhurandhar, Source: Wikimedia, Original Source: ngmaindia
13. Statues of Tanaji Malusare and his Companions at Sinhagad depicting Campaign of Kondhana, Credit: Kajalpwiki, Source: Wikimedia
14. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Meditative Trance (Feretory) OR Samadhi (Tomb) of Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj, Credit: Adityagokhale1986, Source: Wikipedia
15. Painting of Saint Tukaram Maharaj, Credits: Prabhat, Source: Wikimedia

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